Dedication

To Life.

Acknowledgements

There are many to whom I extend my heartfelt thanks for their assistance and support throughout the researching and writing of this thesis. To my first supervisor, Professor Neil Spiller I extend my eternal gratitude for your acute ability to understand the aims and ambitions of the endeavour, and for your commitment to guiding me through the philosophical maze otherwise known as a PhD. I thank those both past and present at the Advanced Virtual and Technological Architecture Research [AVATAR] laboratory that imparted expertise, advice, and inspiration, and in particular professors Ed Wall, Rachel Armstrong, and Nic Clear. In turn, I express gratitude to all within the School of Architecture and Landscape who helped in the process of the compilation of the thesis and which made it possible, including Professor David Isaac, and the members of the postgraduate research support team. I would also like to thank those within the wider research community, both academic and commercial, who provided of insights, opportunities, and assistance along the way, including the many peers with whom I have conversed on matters related to this thesis, several dozen of which are cited in the pages as follow. Additionally, to the many companies and institutions that kindly afforded a platform to communicate and develop ideas that became fundamental to the research findings, conclusions, and creations born therefrom, I convey special thanks for your role in the production of this thesis, and in particular to Interface, 5x15, Urban Morphogenesis Lab at The Barlett [UCL], BioEngineering Congress, Chartered Institute of Building, University of Salford, International Bionic Engineering Conference, and the International Society of BioUrbanism. Above all, I wish to acknowledge and to thank the lady that made this thesis, and so very much of that which paved the way thereto possible, my mum.